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Error bars reflect standard errors of the mean. A., Ickes W., Blackstone T. (1995). The .gov means its official. For example, when people were given the opportunity to express the importance of a cherished personal value (for example, when science students were allowed to don a white lab coat, or when people who valued aesthetics were allowed to assert their love of art), these individuals did not defensively change their attitudes to make them concordant with their behavior. In M. P. Zanna (Ed. Engaging in such actions when facing threat serves to remind individuals of the broad, principal values by which they define themselves and their lives. Moreover, we observed a significant main effect for self-affirmation condition, (=.31, t(72)=2.88, p=.005), such that affirmed participants performed significantly better on the RAT task than control participants (Figure 1). Claude Steele originally popularized self-affirmation theory in the late 1980s,[1][2] and it remains a well-studied theory in social psychological research.[3][4]. Results suggest that group identification plays a role in whether people use an avoidance or challenge strategy in coping with collective threat and implications for theories of social identity and stigmatization are discussed. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 38: . The Psychology of Change: Self-Affirmation and Social Psychological Psychological Science, 16(11), 846-851, Creswell, J. D., Dutcher, J. M., Klein, W. M., Harris, P. R., & Levine, J. M. (2013). Simpson " trial of the century " in the mid-1990s captured the attention of the American populace more than any other public spectacle since the kidnaping of the Lindberg baby in. Each of us faces numerous threats to our self-worth (insults, criticism, etc.). Psychological Science, 16, 846-851. These examples show how we try to maintain our self-esteem when its broken down. The psychology of self-defense: Self-affirmation theory Files: Sherman & Cohen, 2006 David Sherman Psychological & Brain Sciences Life Sciences Computing Group University of California, Santa Barbara Copyright 2021 The Regents of the University of California, All Rights Reserved. Thus we did not find supporting evidence for positive affect as a mediator for the self-affirmation main effect or the chronic stress self-affirmation interaction on problem-solving performance. Consistent with previous studies [28], approximately 50% of participants selected Relations with Friends and Family as their #1 ranked value. Self-affirmation effects on heart rate during the baseline, RAT performance, and recovery periods. Second, we tested whether self-affirmation improves problem-solving. Participants who did not complete the self-affirmation condition demonstrated increased catecholamine response from baseline to their midterm exam. The research presented has .