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(2014) that the telecommunications market tends to be a monopoly or oligopoly due to the requirements of large investments and economies of scale. This is because monopolies are large in size, they benefit from economies of scale and are able to generate a huge amount of profit- larger than other market structures. Also, the demand for this kind of industry is high and considered as one of the basic needs nowadays, its cost is not expensive for the consumers. [32][37] Parker is, however, credited with urging Magie to take out her 1924 patent. This usually requires issuing a large amount of debt to cover the costs of this infrastructure. Their new sets retained Charles Todd's misspelling of "Marvin Gardens" and the renaming of the Shore Fast Line to the Short Line. In addition to permanently adding the speed die in 2008, Hasbro also instituted further changes to the United States standard edition of the board, including making Mediterranean and Baltic Avenues a brown color group, making the Income Tax space a flat $200 (removing the 10% option), changing the colors on the GO space from red to black, increasing the Luxury Tax to $100 (from $75), and changing some Community Chest and Chance cards. In early 2010, Hasbro began selling the Free Parking and Get out of Jail add-on games, which can be played alone or when a player lands on the respective Monopoly board spaces. [208] Several authors who have written about the board game have noted many of the "house rules" that have become common among players, although they do not appear in Parker Brothers' rules sheets. By 2008, the die, now red, became a permanent addition to the game, though its use remains optional there. Kenner was combined with Parker Brothers and spun off as Kenner Parker Toys in 1985. [30] [31] Charles Muhlenberg and his wife, Wilma, taught the game to Wilma's brothers, Louis and Ferdinand "Fred" Thun, in the early 1920s. However, during the Christmas season, sales picked up again, and continued a resurgence. Included with the reproduction of the 1935 Parker Brothers, Interview with Victor Watson for "Under the Boardwalk", 5/23/2009, Interview with Randolph P. Barton for "Under the Boardwalk", 7/28/2008, 19731995 World Champions are listed in Philip Orbanes', 19732003 US Champions are listed in Philip Orbanes's, Quotation from the inside cover of the game booklet included with the special Canadian Edition of, See H.R. [6][7] Even a guide to family games published for Reader's Digest in 2003 gave credit only to Darrow and none to Elizabeth Magie, erroneously stating that Magie's original game was created in the 19th century and not acknowledging any of the game's development between Magie's creation of the game and the eventual publication by Parker Brothers.