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This demonstrates how review of secular trends can bring attention to key events, improvements in control, changes in policy, sociologic phenomena, or other factors that have modified the epidemiology of a disease. < Previous Chapter 3: Conducting a Field Investigation, Next Chapter 5: Using Technologies for Data Collection and Management >. WebDescribe how epidemiological data influences changes in health practices. Provide an example and explain what data would be necessary to make a change in Epidemiology is a scientific discipline with sound methods of scientific inquiry at its foundation. When comparing two graphs of the same dependent variable, use scaling that improves comparison and resolution. Dictionary of epidemiology. Below are three key terms taken from the definition of epidemiology, followed by a list of activities that an epidemiologist might perform. In arranging analytical tables, you should begin with the arrangement of the data space by following a simple set of guidelines (Box 6.3) (1). These data are invaluable for determining whether an apparent cluster of cases might be linked and require further investigation or caused by a random clustering of events. For these larger areas, stratifying the epidemic curves by smaller subunits can reveal the underlying periodicity. Cases can be plotted on a base map (Figure 6.13 [14]), a satellite view of the area, a floor plan, or other accurately scaled diagram to create a spot map. Provides a systematic approach for dissecting a health problem into its component parts. This task, called descriptive epidemiology, answers the following questions about disease, injury, or environmental hazard occurrence: The first question is answered with a description of the disease or health condition. laboratory subtyping of isolates (i.e., PFGE) identified outbreak-associated cases across multiple jurisdictions. Indicate an interval of 12 incubation periods before the outbreak increases from the background and after it returns to background levels. Public Health Response: The broad scope of the outbreak and severity of illness required coordination of data collection across jurisdictions and use of multiple data sources to identify a common source. To calculate incidence, special care therefore is needed to avoid counting the same person every time a fluctuation occurs above or below the cutoff point. For example, a maternal mortality ratio and infant mortality rate use births in a calendar year as a denominator for deaths in the same calendar year, yet the deaths might be related to births in the previous calendar year.